Guitar Points

Keith Lionel Urban (born 26 October 1967 in Whangarei, New Zealand), is a Kiwi Grammy- and ARIA-winning country music singer. Urban began his career in Tamworth, Australia participating in Tamworth Country Music Festival, having moved there at an early age. In 1991, Urban released a self-titled debut album, and charted four singles in Australia before moving to the United States in 1992. Eventually, Urban found work as a session guitarist before founding a group known as The Ranch, which recorded one studio album on Capitol Records/EMI and charted one single on the Billboard country charts.

Still signed to Capitol/EMI, he made his solo American debut in 1999 with the album keith urban. Certified platinum in the U.S., it also produced his first American Number One in "But for the Grace of God". His breakthrough hit was the Number One "Somebody Like You", from his second Capitol album Golden Road (2002). This album also earned Urban his first Grammy Award win for "You'll Think of Me", its fourth single and the third Billboard Number One of his career. 2004's Be Here, his third American album, produced three more Number Ones, and became his highest-selling album, earning 4× Multi-Platinum certification. Love, Pain & the whole crazy thing was released in 2006, earning Urban's second Grammy for the song "Stupid Boy", while a Greatest Hits package entitled Greatest Hits: 18 Kids followed in the fall of 2007. This cd will be re-released in 2008 to include the re-release and current single, "You Look Good in My Shirt".

To date, Urban has released a total of seven studio albums (one of which was released only in the United Kingdom), as well as one album in The Ranch. He has charted more than fifteen singles on the U.S. country charts, including seven Number Ones. A multi-instrumentalist, Urban plays acoustic and electric guitar, as well as ganjo, sitar, bass guitar, mandolin, piano, bouzouki, and percussion.

Carrie Marie Underwood (born March 10, 1983 in Muskogee, Oklahoma) is an American country singer-songwriter. She rose to fame as the winner of the fourth season of American Idol, and has become a multi-platinum selling recording artist and a multiple Grammy Award winner. Her debut album, Some Hearts, was certified seven times platinum and is the fastest selling debut country album in Nielsen SoundScan history. Some Hearts yielded three number one hits on the Billboard Country charts in the United States and Canada: "Jesus, Take the Wheel","Wasted," and her biggest hit to date, "Before He Cheats". Additionally "Don't Forget to Remember Me" topped the charts in Canada. Underwood scored another Top 10 Billboard hit with her charity single, "I'll Stand by You". Some Hearts sold a total of seven million RIAA-certified copies as of February 2008. In addition to being the best selling album by an American Idol contestant in the United States to date, it is also the best-selling solo female debut album in country music history.

Her second album, Carnival Ride, was released on October 23, 2007. It has so far sold about 2 million copies and has produced three number one country hits, "So Small", "All-American Girl", and "Last Name". Her current single "Just a Dream" is at #21 on the Billboard "Hot Country Songs" chart. Underwood's Christmas single, "Do You Hear What I Hear?" peaked at #2 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary charts. Aside from her vocals, Underwood's success is attributed to what many fans recognize as her wholesome image. To date, Underwood has sold over 11 million records in the United States. Underwood was inducted as a member of the Grand Ole Opry on May 10, 2008.

See All Album : Carrie Marie Underwood

U

• Carrie Underwood
• Keith Urban (The Ranch)
• Midge Ure (Slik, The Rich Kids, Thin Lizzy, Ultravox, Visage)

V

• Steve Vai (Frank Zappa, Alcatrazz, Whitesnake)
• Eddie Van Halen (Van Halen)
• Steve Van Zandt (The E Street Band)
• Jimmie Vaughan
• Stevie Ray Vaughan (Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble)
• Ritchie Valens
• Nick Valensi (The Strokes)
• Hilton Valentine (The Animals)
• Randy VanWarmer
• Suzanne Vega
• Zacky Vengeance (Avenged Sevenfold)
• John Verity (Argent, Charlie)
• Tom Verlaine (Television)
• Eddie Vedder (Pearl Jam)
• Vinnie Vincent (KISS)

W

• Paul Waaktaar-Savoy (a-ha)
• Waddy Wachtel
• Dave Wakeling (The Beat, General Public)
• Patrick Walden (Babyshambles)
• Billy Walker
• David T. Walker
• Chris Walla (Death Cab for Cutie)
• Gordon Waller (Peter and Gordon)
• Joe Walsh (James Gang, The Eagles)
• Jake Wambold (Aiden)
• Rich Ward (Fozzy)
• Toki Wartooth (Dethklok)
• Muddy Waters
• Sean Watkins (Nickel Creek)
• Doc Watson
• Michael Weber
• Bob Welch (Fleetwood Mac)
• Brian Welch (Korn)
• Paul Weller (The Jam, The Style Council)
• Leslie West (Mountain)
• Tim Wheeler (Ash)
• Clarence White (The Byrds, Kentucky Colonels)
• Deryck Whibley (Sum 41)
• Andrew White (Kaiser Chiefs)
• Jack White (The White Stripes, The Raconteurs)
• Jason White (Green Day)
• Peter White (musician)
• Steve White (PIG, KMFDM)
• Vince White (The Clash)
• Brad Whitford (Aerosmith)
• Slim Whitman
• Rock Whittington (Damiera, Punch People)
• Jane Wiedlin (The Go-Go's)
• David Williams (Son of Dork)
• John Williams
• Mason Williams
• Rich Williams (Kansas)
• Pete Willis (Def Leppard)
• Marty Willson-Piper (The Church)
• Alan Wilson (Canned Heat)
• Carl Wilson (The Beach Boys)
• Nancy Wilson (Heart)
• Steven Wilson (Porcupine Tree)
• Michael Wilton (Queensrÿche)
• Johnny Winter
• Steve Winwood
• Christian Olde Wolbers (Fear Factory)
• Howlin' Wolf
• Craig Wood (Avril Lavigne, Gob)
• Ron Wood (The Small Faces, The Jeff Beck Group, The Rolling Stones)
• Stuart John Wood (Bay City Rollers)
• Bob Wootton (The Tennessee Three)
• Link Wray
• Tom Wright (Slipstream)
• Zakk Wylde (Pride & Glory, Black Label Society, Ozzy Osbourne, Derek Sherinian)

Y

• Narciso Yepes
• Thom Yorke (Radiohead)
• Pete Yorn
• Angus Young (AC/DC)
• James "JY" Young (Styx)
• Jeff Young (Megadeth)
• Malcolm Young (AC/DC)
• Neil Young

Z

• Roy Z (Rob Rock, Bruce Dickinson)
• Buddy Zabala (Eraserheads, The Dawn)
• Robin Zander (Cheap Trick)
• Dweezil Zappa
• Frank Zappa
• Vadim Zilberstein (Earth, Wind, & Fire, Chaka Khan)
• Billy Zoom (X)

P

• Jimmy Page (The Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin, The Firm)
• Brad Paisley
• Luke Paquin (Hot Hot Heat)
• Rick Parfitt (Status Quo)
• Joe Pass
• Les Paul
• Ryan Peake (Nickelback)
• Steve Pedulla (Thursday)
• Andreas Paolo Perger
• Kirk Pengilly (INXS)
• Heitor Teixeira Pereira (Simply Red)
• Carl Perkins
• Luther Perkins (The Tennessee Three)
• Joe Perry (Aerosmith)
• Vicki Peterson (The Bangles)
• John Petrucci (Dream Theater)
• Tom Petty (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Traveling Wilburys)
• River Phoenix (Aleka's Attic)
• Anthony Phillips
• Al Pitrelli (Savatage, Trans-Siberian Orchestra, Asia, Megadeth)
• Dean Pleasants (Suicidal Tendencies)
• Chris Poland (Megadeth)
• Alberto Ponce
• Valter Popa (IRIS)
• Jody Porter (Fountains of Wayne)
• Chet Powers (Quicksilver Messenger Service)
• Dougie Poynter McFly
• Christophe Pratiffi
• Prince
• Jade Puget (Redemption 87, AFI)

R

• Eddie Rabbitt
• Trevor Rabin (Yes)
• Melvin "Wah-Wah Watson" Ragin
• Mick Ralphs (Mott the Hoople, Bad Company)
• Johnny Ramone (The Ramones)
• Lee Ranaldo (Sonic Youth)
• Meegs Rascon (Coal Chamber)
• East Bay Ray (Dead Kennedys)
• Lou Reed (The Velvet Underground)
• Charlie Reid (The Proclaimers)
• Vernon Reid (Living Colour)
• Django Reinhardt
• John Renbourn
• Rick Renstrom (Rob Rock)
• Tim Renwick (Al Stewart)
• Paul Reynolds (A Flock of Seagulls)
• Sheldon Reynolds (The Commodores, Earth, Wind, & Fire)
• Randy Rhoads (Quiet Riot, Ozzy Osbourne)
• Red Rhodes
• Marc Ribot (Tom Waits, Lounge Lizards)
• Tony Rice
• Keith Richards (The Rolling Stones)
• Max Richards (The Bonfire Of The Vanities)
• Gary Richrath (REO Speedwagon)
• Mike Riggs (Rob Zombie, Scum of the Earth)
• Marc Riley (The Fall)
• Donald "Buck Dharma" Roeser (Blue Öyster Cult)
• Allison Robertson (The Donnas)
• Brian Robertson (Thin Lizzy, Motörhead)
• Robbie Robertson (The Band)
• Darren Robinson (Phantom Planet)
• Jamie Robinson, Switch Foot
• Omar Rodriguez-Lopez (At the Drive-In, De Facto, The Mars Volta)
• Michael Romeo (Symphony X)
• Mick Ronson (David Bowie)
• James Root (Slipknot, Stone Sour)
• Don Ross
• Ryan Ross (Panic! at the Disco)
• Francis Rossi (Status Quo)
• Richard Rossi
• Gary Rossington (Lynyrd Skynyrd)
• Uli Jon Roth (Scorpions)
• Andy Rourke
• Todd Rundgren (The Nazz, Utopia (band), The New Cars}
• Erik Rutan (Hate Eternal)
• Terje Rypdal
• Johnny Rzeznik (The Goo Goo Dolls)

S

• Richie Sambora (Bon Jovi)
• Claudio Sanchez (Coheed and Cambria)
• Carlos Santana (Santana)
• Joey Santiago (Pixies, The Martinis)
• Yağmur Sarıgül (maNga)
• Manabu Satô (Malice Mizer, Moi Dix Mois)
• Joe Satriani
• Boz Scaggs (Steve Miller Band)
• Craig Scanlon (The Fall)
• Jon Schaffer (Iced Earth)
• Michael Schenker
• Tom Scholz (Boston)
• Neal Schon (Journey)
• Chuck Schuldiner (Death)
• Jon Schneck (Relient K, Audio Adrenaline)
• Dominic Scott (Keane)
• Howard E. Scott (War)
• Keith Scott (Bryan Adams)
• Bob Seger
• Andrés Segovia
• Gabe Serbian (Cattle Decapitation, Holy Molar)
• Brian Setzer (The Stray Cats, Brian Setzer Orchestra)
• Charlie Sexton
• Del Shannon
• Tommy Shannon
• Dave Sharp (The Alarm, Stiff Little Fingers)
• Tommy Shaw (Styx (band), Damn Yankees (band) )
• Louis Shelton
• Kenny Wayne Shepherd
• Nick Sheppard (The Cortinas, The Clash, Head)
• Rodney Sheppard (Sugar Ray)
• Kevin Shields (My Bloody Valentine)
• Scott Shields (The Mescaleros)
• Chris Shiflett (No Use for a Name, Me First and the Gimme Gimmes, Foo Fighters)
• Shin (Kagrra)
• Mike Shinoda (Linkin Park)
• Tom Shipley
• Drew Shirley (Switchfoot)
• Ryan Shrout (Kutless)
• Matt Skiba (Alkaline Trio)
• Tim Skipper (House of Heroes)
• Tim Skold (Marilyn Manson)
• Alex Skolnick (Testament, Savatage, Trans-Siberian Orchestra)
• Skwisgaar Skwigelf (Dethklok)
• Slash (Guns N' Roses, Slash's Snakepit, Velvet Revolver, Slash's Blues Ball, Road Crew)
• Martin Slattery (The Mescaleros)
• Hillel Slovak (Red Hot Chili Peppers, What Is This?)
• Pat Smear (The Germs, Nirvana, Foo Fighters)
• Adrian Smith (Iron Maiden)
• Bennie Smith
• Fred Sonic Smith (MC5, Sonic's Rendezvous Band)
• G.E. Smith (Hall & Oates)
• Matt Smith (Theocracy)
• Mindy Smith
• Robert Smith (The Cure)
• Donita Sparks (L7)
• Kevin Spencer (Rymes With Orange)
• Bill Spooner
• Bruce Springsteen (Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band)
• Trey Spruance (Mr. Bungle, Secret Chiefs 3, Faith No More)
• Lester Square (The Monochrome Set)
• Billy Squier
• John Squire (The Stone Roses)
• Mark Stanley (Farquhar, Mark Stanley, The Swarm, Handsome, Love and Rockets)
• Paul Stanley (KISS)
• Jack Starr
• Greg Steele (Faster Pussycat)
• Leigh Stephens (Blue Cheer, Foxtrot)
• Cat Stevens
• Steve Stevens (Billy Idol)
• James Stevenson
• Al Stewart
• Allan Stewart (Idlewild)
• John Stewart) (The Kingston Trio)
• Stephen Stills (Buffalo Springfield, Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young)
• Jeff Stinco (Simple Plan)
• Bob Stinson (The Replacements)
• Andrew Stockdale (Wolfmother)
• Freddie Stone (Sly & the Family Stone)
• Mike Stone (Queensrÿche)
• Izzy Stradlin (Guns N' Roses)
• Nathan Strayer (Anberlin)
• Jesper Strömblad (In Flames)
• Joe Strummer (The Clash)
• Daryl Stuermer (Genesis, Phil Collins)
• Patrick Stump (Fall Out Boy)
• Joe Stump
• Ron Strykert (Men at Work)
• Muhammed Suiçmez (Necrophagist)
• Frankie Sullivan (Survivor)
• 'Big' Jim Sullivan
• Andy Summers (The Police)
• Bernard Sumner (Joy Division, New Order)
• Niklas Sundin (Dark Tranquillity)
• Bryan Sutton
• Peter Svensson (The Cardigans)
• Matthew Sweet
• Michael Sweet (Stryper)
• Jussi Sydänmaa (Lordi)
• John Sykes

T

• Ty Tabor (King's X)
• Fred Tackett (Little Feat)
• Chris Tait
• Akira Takasaki (Loudness)
• Marv Tarplin (The Supremes, The Miracles)
• Evan Taubenfeld (Avril Lavigne, The Black List Club)
• Corey Taylor (Stone Sour)
• Martin Taylor
• Melvin Taylor
• Courtney Taylor-Taylor (The Dandy Warhols)
• Andy Taylor (Duran Duran)
• Graeme Taylor (Gryphon)
• John Taylor (Duran Duran)
• Mick Taylor (John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, The Rolling Stones)
• Miika Tenkula (Sentenced)
• Kim Thayil (Soundgarden)
• Thomas Thacker (Gob, Sum 41)
• Tommy Thayer (Kiss)
• Matt Thiessen (Relient K, Matthew Thiessen and the Earthquakes)
• Porl Thompson (The Cure)
• James michael thompson
• Richard Thompson (Fairport Convention)
• Mick Thomson (Slipknot)
• George Thorogood
• Lüpüs Thünder (Bloodhound Gang)
• Johnny Thunders (The Heartbreakers)
• Andy Timmons ((Danger Danger)
• Glenn Tipton (Judas Priest)
• Paul Tobias/Paul Huge (Guns N' Roses)
• Timo Tolkki (Stratovarius)
• Simon Tong (The Verve, The Good, the Bad and the Queen)
• Tora (alice nine.)
• Ray Toro (My Chemical Romance)
• Sam Totman (DragonForce)
• Ralph Towner (Oregon)
• Mark Lee Townsend (dc Talk)
• Pete Townshend (The Who)
• Simon Townshend (The Who, Casbah Club)
• Mark Tremonti (Alter Bridge)
• Joseph Trohman (Fall Out Boy)
• John Tropea
• Robin Trower (Procol Harum)
• Derek Trucks (Allman Brothers Band, (Derek Trucks Band)
• Corin Tucker (Heavens to Betsy, Sleater-Kinney)
• Luca Turilli (Rhapsody of Fire)
• John Turnbull (Ian Dury and the Blockheads)
• Alex Turner (Arctic Monkeys)
• Dan Tyminski (Alison Krauss)

K

• Kaoru (Dir en grey)
• Alex Kapranos (Franz Ferdinand)
• Dr Nico Kasanda
• Ben Kasica (Skillet)
• Terry Kath (Chicago)
• Jorma Kaukonen (Jefferson Airplane)
• Ryo Kawasaki
• John Kay (Steppenwolf)
• Phil Keaggy
• Tom Keeley (Thursday)
• Ken (L'Arc~en~Ciel)
• Jeff Kendrick (Devildriver)
• David Kennedy (Angels & Airwaves)
• Daniel Kessler (Interpol)
• Dave Keuning (The Killers)
• Ryan Key (Yellowcard)
• Albert King
• B.B. King
• Dave King (Flogging Molly)
• Freddie King
• Justin King
• Kerry King (Slayer)
• Bill Kirchen (Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen)
• Kôji Kiriki (Malice Mizer, Eve of Destiny)
• Forrest Kline (hellogoodbye)
• Scott Klopfenstein (Reel Big Fish, The Littlest Man Band)
• Earl Klugh
• Larry Knechtel
• David Knopfler
• Mark Knopfler (Dire Straits)
• Peter Koppes (The Church)
• Leo Kottke
• Richie Kotzen
• Wayne Kramer (MC5)
• Robby Krieger (The Doors)
• Chad Kroeger (Nickelback)
• Mike Kroeger (Nickelback)
• Richard Kruspe (Rammstein)
• Jan Kuehnemund (Vixen)
• Damian Kulash (OK Go)

L

• Alexi Laiho (Children of Bodom)
• Denny Laine (Paul McCartney, Wings, The Moody Blues, Ginger Baker's Air Force, Colin Blunstone)
• Shawn Lane
• Ler LaLonde (Primus)
• Paul Landers (Rammstein)
• Yuri Landman
• Michael Landau
• Andrew Latimer (Camel)
• Roope Latvala (Children of Bodom)
• Antonio Lauro
• John LeCompt
• Albert Lee
• Alvin Lee (Ten Years After)
• Jake E. Lee
• Troy Van Leeuwen (Queens of the Stone Age, A Perfect Circle)
• Sebastien Lefebvre (Simple Plan)
• Gary Lenaire (Tourniquet, Echo Hollow, Cripple Need Cane)
• John Lennon (The Beatles)
• Julian Lennon
• Sean Lennon
• Vaden Todd Lewis (Toadies)
• Matty Lewis (Zebrahead)
• Jared Leto (30 Seconds to Mars)
• Herman Li (DragonForce)
• Ottmar Liebert
• Alex Lifeson (Rush)
• Jani Liimatainen (Sonata Arctica)
• Rickey Lime (Scarling.)
• Hal Lindes
• David Lindley
• Peter Lindgren (Opeth)
• Mikko Viljami Lindström (HIM)
• Jeff Linsky
• Tom Linton (Jimmy Eat World)
• Russell Lissack (Bloc Party)
• Kerry Livgren (Kansas)
• Richard Lloyd (Television)
• Chuck Loeb
• Jeff Loomis (Nevermore, Sanctuary)
• Joe Long (The Four Seasons)
• Courtney Love
• Sami Lopakka (Sentenced)
• Clint Lowery (Sevendust, Dark New Day)
• John Lowery (Marilyn Manson)
• Steve Lukather (Toto)
• George Lynch (Dokken)
• Jeff Lynne (The Move, Electric Light Orchestra, Traveling Wilburys)
• Jimmy Lyon (Eddie Money, Greg Kihn Band)

M

• Tony MacAlpine
• Wade MacNeil (Alexisonfire)
• Daron Malakian (System of a Down)
• Stephen Malkmus (Pavement)
• Yngwie J. Malmsteen
• Julian Mandrake, (Canvas, Blue October, (a+)machines)
• Kee Marcello (Easy Action, Europe, K2)
• Carlo Marchione
• Frank Marino (Mahogany Rush)
• Bob Marley (Bob Marley and the Wailers)
• Johnny Marr (The Smiths)
• Steve Marriott (Small Faces, Humble Pie)
• Mick Mars (Mötley Crüe)
• Gerry Marsden (Gerry and the Pacemakers)
• Jim Martin (Faith No More)
• Mike Martin (All That Remains)
• John Martyn
• Hank Marvin (The Shadows)
• J. Mascis (Dinosaur Jr)
• Brent Mason
• Dave Mason
• Tak Matsumoto (B'z)
• Dave Matthews (The Dave Matthews Band)
• Lee Mavers (The La's)
• Brian May (Queen)
• John Mayer
• Howard Moss
• Ian McCallum (Stiff Little Fingers)
• Nick McCarthy (Franz Ferdinand)
• Paul McCartney
• Mike McCready (Pearl Jam)
• Jimmy McCulloch (Wings, Thunderclap Newman, Stone the Crows, Small Faces, The Dukes)
• Zoe Mcculloch
• John McFee (The Doobie Brothers, Southern Pacific)
• John McGeoch (Magazine, Visage, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Public Image Ltd, The Armoury Show)
• Roger McGuinn (The Byrds)
• Tim McIlrath (Rise Against)
• Duff McKagan (Guns N' Roses, Velvet Revolver, Neurotic Outsiders)
• Al McKay (Earth, Wind & Fire)
• John McLaughlin
• Troy McLawhorn (Dark New Day, Evanescence)
• Tony McManus
• Dave McPherson (InMe)
• Greg McPherson (Centiment)
• James Mead (Kutless)
• Eric Melvin (NOFX)
• Wendy Melvoin
• Ryan Mendez (Yellowcard)
• Pat Metheny (Pat Metheny Group)
• Alyson Michalka (Aly & AJ)
• Amanda Michalka (Aly & AJ)
• Cristiano Migliore (Lacuna Coil)
• Tomo Milicevic (30 Seconds to Mars)
• Joseph Milligan (Anberlin)
• Amy Millan (Stars)
• Dan Miller (They Might Be Giants)
• Deron Miller (CKY)
• Steve Miller (Steve Miller Band)
• Nuno Mindelis
• Ben Mink
• Roman Miroshnichenko
• Ian Mitchell (Bay City Rollers)
• Kim Mitchell
• 雅-miyavi-
• Brian Molko (Placebo)
• Michael Monarch (Steppenwolf)
• Wes Montgomery
• Ronnie Montrose
• Gary Moore (Thin Lizzy, Skid Row)
• Greg "G-Mo" Moore (Earth, Wind, & Fire)
• Scotty Moore
• Thurston Moore (Sonic Youth)
• Tom Morello (Rage Against the Machine, Audioslave)
• Sterling Morrison (The Velvet Underground)
• Steve Morse (Deep Purple)
• Mark Morton (Lamb of God)
• Derek "Chap Stique" Mount (Family Force 5)
• Alonso Mudarra
• Keith Mullin (The Farm)
• Cameron Muncey (Jet)
• James Murphy (Death, Testament)
• Matt "Guitar" Murphy
• Dave Mustaine (Megadeth)
• Dave Murray (Iron Maiden)
• Gary Myrick (Havana 3am)

N

• Randy Napoleon
• Dave Navarro (Jane's Addiction, Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Panic Channel, Camp Freddy)
• Joe Negri
• Ricky Nelson
• Willie Nelson
• Michael Nesmith (The Monkees)
• Ira Newborn
• Grant Nicholas (Feeder)
• Graeme Nicholls (We Be the Echo, Voorhees)
• Craig Nicholls (The Vines)
• Rick Nielsen (Cheap Trick)
• Noodles (The Offspring)
• Paul Noonan (Bell X1)
• Aaron North (The Icarus Line, Nine Inch Nails)
• John Norum (Europe, Dokken)
• Bradley Nowell (Sublime)
• Ted Nugent (The Amboy Dukes, Damn Yankees)

O

• Ed O'Brien (Radiohead)
• Mark O'Connor
• Richard Oakes (Suede)
• John Oates (Hall & Oates)
• Anthony Ocaña
• Erkan Ogur
• Eddie Ojeda (Twisted Sister)
• Mike Oldfield
• Solomon "Soul Glow Activator" Olds (Family Force 5)
• Criss Oliva (Savatage)
• Roland Orzabal (Tears for Fears)
• Buzz Osborne (The Melvins, Fantomas, Venomous Concept)